|
|
|
|
|
Glossary
#
A B
C D E
F G H
I J K
L M N
O P Q R
S T U
V W X
Y Z
- 4+1 or Four over One:
- A printing term that refers to the outside of the package printed
in full color and the inside in black and white.
- 4+4 or Four over Four:
- A printing term that refers to packaging that is printed in full color, inside and out.
- A/D:
- Analog to Digital. Refers the conversion of analog sound
waves to digital binary information, as in a DAT (Digital
Audio Tape) Recorder.
- Artwork:
- Source materials required for the CD, DVD and vinyl packaging
design. These include photographs, rendered artwork, fonts,
etc.
- Barcodes:
- Universal Product Codes (UPC). A series of vertical lines
and numbers which are unique to each individual product
and identify it when computer scanned. When you manufacture
with MMS, you are entitled to a free barcode.
- Bleed:
- In artwork or film, extra image area which extends beyond
the trim line.
- Capacity:
- (DATA CAPACITY) The amount of data which can be stored
on a given type of media, such as a CD or DVD. For example,
the capacity of a CD is 654.7 Megabytes (Mb), which is 335250
2k Sectors. This is equivalent to 74 minutes 30 seconds.
The track pitch and speed of rotation affect the amount
of data than can be stored on a CD. It is possible to record
more data on a CD than the "normal" capacity, but it isn't
recommended.
- CD-DA:
- Compact Disc Digital Audio: The CD which was introduced
in 1983 is an audio storage device that contains up to 74
minutes of high quality stereo sound. Only one side of a
CD contains the audio material stored on the CE in a spiral
from the inner edge to the outer edge.
- CD-R:
- A one-write recordable compact disc that has the index
points set manually. A PM-CD, however, has frame-accurate
index points.
- CD-ROM:
- Compact Disc Read Only Memory A special format of the
CD that allows the storage of text, graphics, audio and
video. The CD-ROM is similar to the CD-DA (Digital Audio),
but the information is stored differently.
- CD-ROM Drive:
- The machine (hardware) used to read data from a CD ROM
disc.
- CD-I:
- Compact Disc-Interactive: A compact disc format developed
by Philips and Sony that stores audio pictures and animated
graphics and full motion video as well on a standard size
CD. Up to 144 minutes of CD-quality stereo sound, 9.5 hours
of AM-radio-quality stereo or up to 19 hours of single cannel
(mono) audio can be stored on a CD-I. You must use a CD-I
player to play CD-I discs; they will not play in a CD-ROM
player. The standards for CD-I are known as the Green Book.
- CMYK:
- A scheme for combining primary pigments. The C stands
for cyan, M stands for magenta, Y is yellow, and K stands
for black. Many paint and draw programs can make use of
either the RGB (Red, Green, Blue) or the CMYK model. The
RGB scheme is used mainly for computer displays, while the
CMYK model is used for printed color illustrations such
as CD booklets.
- Compression:
- Data Compression is a process that reduces the size of
a file by "eliminating" any redundant data. Many different
schemes of compression exist for audio, computer data, video
etc. Compressing a file saves storage space and allows for
faster transmission of data. Decompression is the reverse
process to restore data to its original form.
- DAT:
- Digital Audio Tape (also R-DAT):. DAT is a system designed for recording
and reading digital data using a special tape cassette.
DAT can be used to store over one gigabyte of computer data
and can be used as a master source medium for sending your
audio to MUSIC MANUFACTURING SERVICES for duplication.
- Data Conversion:
- The process by which information is converted from one form to another.
For example, analog audio signals are 'converted' to digital
when recorded onto a DAT. The process also refers to the
sampling rate conversion that sometimes occurs in the mastering
process, where a DAT sampled at 48 kHz is converted to 44.1kHz.
- DAT Transfer Rate:
- The speed at which data can be read from a CD ROM drive. Single speed
CD-ROM drives have a data transfer rate of 150 kilobytes
per second. Double speed drives read at 300 kb/second. Triple
and quadruple speed (3Xand 4X respectively are slowly becoming
standard.
- DAT Sampling Rate:
- DATs can be record at either 44.1kHz or 48 kHz, however it is important
to note that all DATs recorded at 48 kHz will need to be
digitally converted to 44.1 kHz (at no extra cost).
- Digalog:
- A combination of Digital and analogue. Source material is input digitally
onto a digital running master, then output at high speed
onto the analogue cassette tape. As close to CD quality
as a cassette can be.
- Digital Audio:
- Any audio source that has been converted to a digital form. CD-quality
audio is usually the standard that it refers to, that is,
audio sampled at 16-bit resolution and 44.1 kHz sample rate.
This standard refers to the Red Book standard in the audio
industry.
- Digital Data:
- Information that has been stored in digital form.
- Digitize:
- The process of converting an analog source into digital format (binary
information).
- DOS-Disc Operation System:
- The generic term for the software that allows a computer to interact with numerous devices such as hard drives, keyboards, printers, etc.
- Electroforming:
- The process by which a metal master (or 'father') disc
is created by electroplating nickel onto the glass master.
The father is then used to create a 'mother', and from the
mother, a stamper is created to be used in the injection
molding machine to create the CD (or used in the press to
press a vinyl record).
- Exabyte:
- A type of digital tape storage medium.
- Father:
- The first electroformed part made from a glass master.
- Format:
- How data is organized upon a give medium. It also refers to the actual
medium (DAT, CD, VHS, etc.).
- Frame:
- When referring to video, the information (or time) required, for one
complete picture to be viewed. In North America, there are
several video frame rate standards: 30 frames per second
(fps), 29.97 fps. Film has a frame rate of 24 fps. CD-Audio
stores information in frames as well. There are 75 frames
per second on audio CDs. However, the CD frames and video
frames are not related.
- FTP-File Transfer Protocol:
- FTP is the simplest way to exchange files between computers on the Internet. It is commonly used to upload and download programs and other files to your computer from other servers.
- Glass Master:
- The first step in the CD replication process. A large glass disc which is coated with a photosensitive material is bombarded with laser light to encode the data. The glass master is then exposed and developed to create a 'father'.
- Index:
- Randomly accessible points on a CD. Up to 99 separate
index points (or 'tracks') can be encoded on a CD. Within
each track, however, and additional 99 sub-index points
can be encoded.
- Injection Molding:
- A step in the CD replication process where melted plastic
is injected into a mold (which contains the 'stamper') under
pressure, cooled and removed as a solid, clear plastic disc.
The formation that was on the stamper has now been transferred
to the plastic disc.
-
-
- J-Card:
- Printed cassette insert which when viewed from the side resembles
the letter 'J'.
- Jewel Box:
- The standard, universally accepted plastic CD case.
- Label:
- The printing on the actual CD. Accomplished by screen, pad or offset
printing methods. Also refers to the paper label affixed
to a vinyl record.
- Lead-in:
- Where the Table of Contents (TOC) is recorded on a CD. Contains the
track listing and other pertinent information about the
tracks. It is found at the beginning of the CD. Also, the
spiral groove at the beginning of a vinyl record.
- Lead Out Area:
- a buffer area after the last track on a CD. When the lead out code is read by the CD player it will return to the beginning of track #1 or it will stop playing, depending on the programming. Also the spiral groove leading into the center of a vinyl record.
- Master:
- Usually refers to the final recording to be used as a
source for the mastering process. This master is usually
a CD, CD-R, DAT or 8mm Exabyte tape.
- Mastering:
- The process where information (audio, computer data, or
both) are formatted, encoded and written to a Pre Master
CD.
- Metalizing:
- The process by which the clear plastic disc created in the injection
molding process is coated with a micron thick layer of aluminum.
- MIDI:
- Musical Instrument Digital Interface: An information protocol which
allows synthesizers which abide by the MIDI standard to
communicate performance data with each other. MIDI information
can be stored as a MIDI file on disk which can then be utilized
in a multimedia program.
- Mixed Mode:
- A special type of CD which contains different types of information
in separate tracks on the CD. The most common form of mixed
mode CD places computer information in track 1 and audio
information in the subsequent tracks.
- Multimedia:
- The generic term used to describe the combination of different types of media.
- Mother:
- The 'mother" is created by plating the 'father' in the electroforming process. From the mother, 'stampers' are created.
- Norelco Box:
- The standard universally accepted plastic cassette case.
- NTSC-National Television Systems Committee:
- The color television standard for the United States, Canada, Japan, Mexico, Taiwan and others of 30 frames per second for the video signal. PAL, another standard is used in many European and South American countries. France's video standard is SECAM.
- PAL-Phase Alternation Line:
- The color television standard used in most of Europe (except
France) and South America of 25 frames per second.
- PCM-Pulse Code Modulation:
- One of the standard methods for encoding audio in a digital
format sampled at 44.1 kHz.
- PIT (PITS):
- The information on a CD surface. By exposing a photosensitive
layer on a glass master to laser light, and then washing
away the exposed material, pits are formed. The track is
written in a spiral from the inside of the disc to the outer
edge.
- PQ Coding:
- Digitally encoded information on a CD which controls information
read out such as indexing and spacing.
- Pre-gap:
- The amount of time before the beginning of a track. For
the audio CDs, the standard pre-gap is 3 seconds.
- Pre-mastering:
- The process where the digital data is prepared to be sent
to the CD manufacturer for mastering and replication. The
data is assembled and arranged as it should appear on the
CD-ROM or audio CD, including the file structure (such as
ISO 9660 or Mac HFS).
- Program Area:
- The area of the disc where the information (program) is
stored.
- Protected Coating:
- The CD is coated with a layer of lacquer to protect &
seal the metal layer.
- R-DAT:
- Same as DAT.
- Red Book Standard:
- CD standards established by Phillips and Sony. Originally published in a book with a red cover.
- ROM-Read Only Memory:
- Computer memory which can only be read and not re-written The data remains even when the power is off. A memory device which is programmed at the chip manufacturer and whose contents cannot be altered thereafter.
- SCSI-Small Computer Systems Interface:
- A standard interface system used by both Macs and PC's for connecting peripheral equipment to computers.
- Set Up Tones:
- A 1kHz tone should last approximately 30 seconds at minus 14db on DAT level meters. This is provided to assist mastering engineers to calibrate their machines to your original recording machine.
- SMPTE Time Code:
- A video time-code scheme used to mark the hours, minutes and frames of a video program.
- Stamper:
- A part created by plating onto the 'mother' in the electroforming process. It is then separated from the mother and used in the injection molding process to create the clear plastic discs.
- Subcodes:
- Certain subcodes are used in the CD format, labeled P,Q, R, S,T, U,V,W. The P& Q codes are used for the Table of Contents information. The codes R through W are not specifically defined but can be used to encode other information such as graphics or video.
- TOC-Table of Contents:
- Located in the lead in area. Contains a listing of where
tracks start on the disc, as well as the lengths of tracks
and other information.
- Track:
- On an audio CD, each separately indexed piece of music
is referred to as a track. On a CD-ROM, however, there is
usually only one track. If the CD-ROM is mixed mode, however,
the CD-ROM will contain 1 track of computer data and sever
other tracks of audio. There can be up to 99 tracks on a
CD.
- Track Lists:
- Lists should be supplied with your master to indicate
the start times and the duration of each song so the mastering
engineer knows exactly what's on your tape.
- Turnaround time:
- The time required to master, replicate, and ship your
order. It is usually measured from the time premastered
data, artwork and other materials are in the possession
of MUSIC MANUFACTURING SERVICES.
- U-Card:
- printed cassette insert which when viewed from the side resembles the letter 'U'.
- UPC Codes:
- Universal Product Codes (UPC), also known as Bar Codes.A
series of vertical lines and numbers which are unique to
each individual product and identify it.
- Volume:
- The drive or storage device that contains the particular information. It can refer to a CD-ROM, a floppy disc or a hard drive.
- Volume Descriptor:
- An area at the beginning of a CE-ROM which contains documentation with regards to the author, copyright, etc.
- WORM:
- Write Once, Read Many: Another name for the write once disc, implying that the disc is meant to be written to once, but read from many times.
- Yellow Book Standard:
- Written by Philips and Sony for the CD-ROM format. Originally published in a book with a yellow cover.
|
|
|
